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- <text id=93CT1639>
- <link 90TT2360>
- <link 90TT1768>
- <link 90TT1628>
- <title>
- Canada--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- North America
- Canada
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Canada's early history was dominated by rivalry between
- France and Britain. In 1497, John Cabot reached Newfoundland and
- claimed for Britain a large portion of the Atlantic seaboard.
- Cabot was followed by the French explorer Jacques Cartier who
- landed on the Gaspe Peninsula in 1534 and claimed it for France.
- </p>
- <p> While the British settled along the coast, the French pushed
- rapidly into the interior, and for more than a century Canada
- was a French colony. The flounder and settler of French Canada
- was Samuel de Champlain, who founded Quebec City in 1608 and
- established a number of other settlements along the Bay of Fundy
- and the shores of the St. Lawrence River. Explorers, traders,
- and missionaries, including Marquette. Joliet, and La Salle,
- extended French influence in "New France."
- </p>
- <p> Following the early years of settlement, French and English
- pioneers engaged in the highly competitive fur trade. Canada's
- political shape began to emerge from the Battle of the Plains
- of Abraham at Quebec, where the British defeated the French in
- 1759 and took over the French colonies in North America. The
- memory of that event still has a strong emotional appeal for
- French Canadians. Although New France came under British
- control, it was permitted to retain its religion and civil code.
- Today, by means of the Meech Lake Constitutional Accord (subject
- to provincial ratification), Canada continues its quest to
- develop a constitutional formula that will satisfy the
- aspirations of French-speaking Quebec.
- </p>
- <p> During the American Revolution, French and British colonists
- in Canada rebuffed the overtures of American leaders and chose
- British rule over independence in association with the United
- States. A U.S. raid on Quebec was unsuccessful. In the War of
- 1812, U.S.-British rivalry in North America again resulted in
- the invasion of Canada.
- </p>
- <p> Several events accelerated the union of the British colonies
- in Canada into a new nation.
- </p>
- <p> First, the political uprisings of 1837 in both English Upper
- Canada and French Lower Canada led to the creation of local
- governments and to greater citizen participation in government.
- </p>
- <p> Second, at the end of the American Civil War, it was feared
- that the United States might turn against British North America.
- </p>
- <p> Finally, the expansion of the American West and the slower
- settlement of the Canadian West encouraged the development of
- a Canadian transcontinental railroad and the perception among
- eastern Canadian political leaders that a Canadian federation
- from the Atlantic to the Pacific had to be achieved if western
- Canada was to avoid absorption by the United States.
- </p>
- <p> The British North America Act of 1867 created the new nation
- of Canada, comprising four provinces-Ontario Quebec, New
- Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. It provided for a federal union and
- for a parliamentary system of government. Six other provinces
- eventually entered the confederation; the last was Newfoundland
- in 1949.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The three national parties in Canada are the Progressive
- Conservatives, the Liberals, and the New Democratic Party (NDP),
- a Social Democratic party formed in 1961. Since 1921, either
- the Liberal or the Conservative Party has controlled the
- Canadian Government. Both are broadbased parties of the center
- that attempt to win support from all groups and regions of the
- country. In federal elections, the Liberals had relied in the
- past on strong support from Quebec. However, in the 1984 and
- 1988 federal elections, the Progressive Conservatives took the
- large majority of seats in that province. The Conservatives
- traditionally have been strong in the western provinces. Heavily
- populated Ontario shifts between the two parties and often plays
- a decisive role in elections.
- </p>
- <p> The Progressive Conservative Party won 169 seats in the House
- of Commons in the November 21, 1988 election and again formed
- a majority government with representation from every region in
- the nation. The Liberal Party, the official opposition, won 83
- seats; the NDP, 43.
- </p>
- <p> Quebec's status remains a serious political issue in Canada.
- In 1980, the Parti Quebecois sought, through a referendum, a
- mandate from the people of Quebec to negotiate a new status,
- "sovereignty-association," involving political independence
- with continued economic association with the rest of Canada.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- June 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-